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Employee Restrictive Covenant Agreement

Cover Terms

The terms below are incorporated into and form part of this agreement.

Employer[Legal name of the entity that employs the employee]
Employee[Full legal name of the employee]
Employee Title / Position
Effective Date[Effective date of this agreement — the date the last party signs. It anchors the duration presumptions stated in Cover Terms.]
Governing LawNorth Carolina
Mid-Employment Consideration
State-law basis

Reference only — not part of this agreement.

Left blank by default because a covenant signed at hire may not require a separate payment. For a post-hire covenant, recite any new consideration required by applicable law.

Confidentiality
Trade Secrets DurationPerpetual
Other Confidential Information Duration24 months
Employee Non-Solicitation
Duration24 months
Market benchmark (based on 76 companies)HideShow
TermFrequency
12 months44.7%
Selected default24 months34.9%
18 months11.2%
Why this selected default?

Why is this the selected default?

24 months matches the modal employee non-solicit term observed in benchmarked, publicly-filed employee agreements; 12 months is the common lighter alternative. The Act sets no express duration presumption for the no-hire category, so the uniquely-essential scope limit does the primary category work; counsel should size the term to the workforce interest actually protected.

Covered Employee Period12 months
Customer Non-Solicitation
Duration12 months
State-law basis 12 months

Reference only — not part of this agreement.

12 months sits well inside the presumptively reasonable window for a current-customer non-solicit: eighteen months, or for as long as post-separation consideration is paid, whichever is greater. Counsel may extend toward eighteen months, or longer while post-separation consideration is paid, where the interest supports it.

Covered Customer Period12 months
No Business with Covered Customers
Duration12 months
State-law basis 12 months

Reference only — not part of this agreement.

12 months sits within the current-customer window. Because non-dealing has no category of its own, it is drawn to fit inside the current-customer non-solicit exception, and its duration tracks that category's presumption.

Non-Investment
Duration12 months
Passive Public Holdings Thresholdfive percent
Market benchmark (based on 59 companies)HideShow
TermFrequency
Selected default5%39%
1%27.1%
2%20.3%
Why this selected default?

Why is this the selected default?

Five percent of any class of publicly traded securities is the modal passive-investment carve-out threshold observed in benchmarked, publicly-filed employee agreements that include the carve-out (lower 1-3 percent thresholds are the common tighter alternatives). In a state whose law voids restraints except as it specifically provides, a clause forbidding ordinary public shares is gratuitous overbreadth serving no listed interest.

Non-Disparagement
Duration24 months

Standard Terms

1. Defined Terms

“Competitive Business” means the business activities described in Cover Terms under Competitive Business, defined by reference to the duties Employee actually performed for Employer rather than every line of Employer's business.

“Confidential Information” means non-public information relating to Employer's business, including trade secrets, customer lists, pricing, business processes, technical data, and strategic plans, but excluding information that becomes public through no fault of Employee.

“Covered Customers” means customers, vendors, referral sources, and business partners with whom Employee had material contact or for whom Employee had responsibility during the 12 months before termination of employment. Covered Customers does not include prospective clients Employer had not obtained.

“Covered Employees” means employees with whom Employee worked or whom Employee managed during the 12 months before termination of employment.

“Passive Public Holdings” means ownership of securities of a publicly traded company representing less than five percent of any class of such company's securities, and interests in diversified mutual funds, index funds, and exchange-traded funds that may hold securities of a Competitive Business.

“Protected Interests” means Employer's Confidential Information, Trade Secrets, and goodwill in existing customer, vendor, referral-source, and business-partner relationships.

“Restricted Period” means the duration specified in Cover Terms for each covenant, beginning on the date Employee's employment with Employer ends for any reason, and extended only as expressly provided in the Tolling and Extension During Breach section.

“Restricted Territory” means the geographic area described in Cover Terms under Restricted Territory.

“Solicit” means to actively contact, approach, persuade, request, petition, induce, or encourage any person or entity for the purpose of diverting business away from Employer or of causing a Covered Employee to leave Employer, but does not include responding to general advertisements or unsolicited inquiries not initiated by Employee.

“Trade Secrets” means information qualifying as a trade secret under applicable law.

Drafting Note Solicitation

The operative verb sets the reach of a non-solicitation covenant. North Carolina courts read solicit, recruit, or induce to require active persuasion, so a covenant confined to those verbs reaches only active persuasion and not a passive hire, and a customer non-solicit that extends to prospective customers or clients the employer never had is an impermissible restraint . A covenant meant to bar hiring as well as solicitation reaches that conduct only through express hiring language, and one confined to actual customers stays within the interest the law protects; a covenant that names only the solicitation verbs leaves a passive hire and a never-served prospect outside its reach.

2. Recitals and Protected Interests

Employer and Employee acknowledge that each restrictive covenant is supported by valuable consideration and protects Employer's Protected Interests.

3. Timing, Consideration, and Employee Acknowledgements

The parties acknowledge that this agreement is supported by valuable consideration. If this agreement is signed at the outset of employment, the offer and commencement of employment is the consideration for the covenants. If Employee signs after employment has begun, the new consideration stated in Cover Terms under Mid-Employment Consideration is exchanged for the covenants. Employee acknowledges having had the opportunity to consult with independent legal counsel before signing this agreement. This agreement is effective as of the Effective Date listed in Cover Terms.

Drafting Note New consideration

A covenant signed at the outset of employment rests on the offer of employment itself, but a covenant a current employee signs after the relationship already exists needs new consideration, and continued at-will employment is not enough — a mid-employment covenant unsupported by a new benefit is unenforceable for want of consideration . A raise, bonus, promotion, new assignment, or other benefit that actually moves and is recited in the agreement supplies that support; North Carolina courts do not weigh the adequacy of the new consideration, and a payment as small as a few hundred dollars has sufficed . Consideration establishes only that the covenants are supported, not that they are reasonable, so each covenant must still clear the reasonableness test on its own.

4. Signed Writing Requirement

Each restrictive covenant and any amendment changing its scope must be in writing and signed by Employee.

5. Confidential Information and Trade Secret Protection

Employee must treat all Confidential Information as strictly confidential. Employee must not use or disclose Confidential Information except as required to perform authorized job duties or with Employer's prior written consent. Employee's obligations regarding trade secrets continue in perpetuity, for as long as the information remains a trade secret. Employee's obligations regarding other Confidential Information continue for the period specified in Cover Terms. This confidentiality obligation operates alongside, and independent of, any restrictive covenant in this agreement, and does not restrict Employee's use of the general knowledge, skill, and experience Employee acquired during employment.

6. Permitted Disclosures and Protected Conduct

Nothing in this agreement prohibits Employee from: (a) reporting possible violations of law to any government agency, including the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or any other federal, state, or local agency; (b) making disclosures protected under whistleblower provisions of any law; (c) discussing wages, hours, or other terms and conditions of employment as protected by applicable law, including Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. § 157); (d) testifying truthfully in legal proceedings; or (e) filing a sealed complaint in court using Confidential Information without liability. Pursuant to the Defend Trade Secrets Act (18 U.S.C. § 1833(b)), Employee may not be held criminally or civilly liable for disclosing a trade secret in confidence to a government official or attorney solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law, or in a sealed court filing.

7. Return, Deletion, and Certification of Company Property

Upon termination of employment, Employee must promptly return to Employer all documents, devices, files, credentials, and other materials containing or relating to Confidential Information. Where permitted, Employee must permanently delete electronic copies of Confidential Information from personal devices and accounts. Employee must certify compliance with this section in writing upon Employer's request.

8. Non-Solicitation of Employees

During the Restricted Period, Employee must not Solicit, recruit, or induce any Covered Employee to leave Employer. This restriction requires active persuasion; it does not prohibit Employee from providing a professional reference upon request, and it does not by its terms reach the hiring of a person who applies on their own initiative or in response to a general advertisement not directed specifically at Employer's employees. This covenant reaches only Covered Employees during the Restricted Period and is no broader than necessary to protect Employer's workforce stability and goodwill.

9. Non-Solicitation of Customers, Vendors, Referral Sources, and Business Partners

During the Restricted Period, Employee must not Solicit the business of any Covered Customer with whom Employee had material contact. This covenant does not reach prospective clients Employer never obtained.

10. No Business with Covered Customers

During the Restricted Period, Employee must not accept, service, or do business with any Covered Customer with whom Employee had material contact, whether Employee or the Covered Customer initiates contact.

11. Non-Investment

During the Restricted Period, Employee must not acquire or hold any active ownership interest in, serve as a director, officer, manager, or advisor to, or have material economic participation in any Competitive Business. Passive Public Holdings are permitted.

12. Non-Disparagement

During the Restricted Period specified in Cover Terms for Non-Disparagement, Employee must not make statements that are intended to or reasonably likely to disparage Employer, its officers, directors, employees, products, or services. This section does not restrict Employee from making truthful statements in legal proceedings, providing truthful testimony, making disclosures to government agencies, or exercising rights protected by law, including rights protected under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act.

13. Physician and Health Care Practitioner Covenants

If Employee is a physician, no covenant prohibits Employee from continuing care for an existing patient or complying with applicable patient-notification and access requirements.

Drafting Note Physician public-health scrutiny

A physician covenant carries a hurdle no recital removes. North Carolina courts refuse to enforce a covenant restraining the practice of medicine where enforcement would create a substantial question of potential harm to the public health, weighing the shortage of specialists in the restricted area, the risk of a local monopoly and its effect on future fees and emergency availability, and the public interest in patient choice of physician . A physician covenant can fail on that public-policy ground even where its time and territory are otherwise reasonable, so a narrow radius and a short term tied to continuity of patient care are what survive the scrutiny; a broad medical restraint is the one that falls.

14. No Conflicting Obligations

Employee represents that performing duties for Employer and complying with this agreement does not conflict with any prior agreement, court order, or legal obligation binding on Employee. Employee must promptly disclose to Employer any potential conflict that arises during employment.

15. Notice to Future Employers and Other Third Parties

Employer may disclose the existence and terms of this agreement to any prospective employer or business associate of Employee if Employer has a reasonable belief that Employee may breach this agreement. Employee consents to this disclosure.

Drafting Note A notice to a future employer built on a failed covenant

A notice to a departing employee's prospective employer is only as sound as the covenant it invokes. A covenant that later fails any element of the five-element enforceability test has no force to assert, so a notice letter waving such a covenant at a new employer rests on an unenforceable restraint and can expose the employer to a tortious-interference claim . A notice grounded in a restraint the employer is prepared to defend as reasonable carries the weight the letter otherwise lacks.

16. Tolling and Extension During Breach

If Employee breaches any restrictive covenant in this agreement, the Restricted Period for that covenant is extended by one day for each day of the breach, up to the original Restricted Period.

Drafting Note Express extension-on-breach clauses

A restricted period does not lengthen itself. North Carolina has no appellate decision recognizing equitable tolling of a covenant, so a restraint that runs while the former employee violates it simply expires on schedule unless the agreement provides otherwise. An express extension-on-breach clause fills that gap: federal courts applying North Carolina law have enforced clauses that toll or extend the period for the time spent in breach . Any such extension is itself a restraint, so an open-ended or indefinite one draws the same reasonableness scrutiny as the covenant it lengthens, while a bounded day-for-day extension tracks the breach without overreaching.

17. Remedies

Employee acknowledges that a breach of this agreement may cause Employer irreparable harm for which money damages would be inadequate. Employer may seek injunctive or other equitable relief in addition to any other remedies available at law.

Drafting Note Fee-shifting in employment covenants

A fee-shifting clause in an employment non-compete generally does not deliver a fee award. North Carolina's reciprocal business-contract fee statute expressly excludes employment contracts from its definition of a covered business contract, so a fee provision in this employment covenant usually will not support an award . Attorney-fee recovery instead runs through separate statutory hooks — most often the discretionary award available to a prevailing party on an unfair-or-deceptive-trade-practices claim, and only on findings of willfulness or a frivolous and malicious action — so a one-sided fee clause promises a recovery the governing law does not underwrite .

18. Enforceability and Severability

If any distinctly severable provision is unenforceable, it is severed and the remaining provisions remain in effect.

Drafting Note Severability

North Carolina follows the strict blue-pencil doctrine, so a court may strike a distinctly separable, unreasonable provision but will not rewrite an overbroad one, even when the contract asks it to, and a reformation or savings clause cannot confer a power the court does not have . A covenant that bundles time, territory, and scope into a single indivisible restraint therefore falls whole once any part reaches too far, while restrictions written as distinct, independently reasonable provisions let a court strike the overbroad one and leave the rest standing. A covenant that leans on a savings clause to be reformed leans on relief North Carolina withholds.

19. Survival and Expiration of Each Covenant

Each restrictive covenant in this agreement survives the termination of Employee's employment for the Restricted Period specified in Cover Terms, as it may be extended under the Tolling and Extension During Breach section. Obligations under the Confidential Information and Trade Secret Protection section survive for the Trade Secrets Duration specified in Cover Terms to the extent they relate to trade secrets, and for the Other Confidential Information Duration specified in Cover Terms for other Confidential Information. All other provisions survive to the extent necessary to enforce rights that arose during employment. Each covenant states its own survival so that its duration is independently determinable.

20. Assignment and Successors

Employee may not assign this agreement or any rights or obligations under it. Employer may assign this agreement to any affiliate, successor, or acquirer of all or substantially all of Employer's business or assets. This agreement is binding on and inures to the benefit of the parties and their respective heirs, successors, and permitted assigns.

21. Governing Law, Venue, and Dispute Process

North Carolina law governs this agreement, and the state and federal courts located in North Carolina have exclusive jurisdiction over disputes arising from it, subject to non-waivable applicable law.

Drafting Note The § 22B-3 forum bar

An out-of-state forum, venue, or arbitration clause dropped into an agreement entered into in North Carolina does not move the dispute out of state: Section 22B-3 makes any such provision void and unenforceable as against public policy, so the action can proceed in a North Carolina court . The bar reaches forum-selection and arbitration-venue terms but does not by itself void an out-of-state choice-of-law clause, so a governing-law selection and a forum selection are measured separately — and a governing-law and venue pairing that tracks where the employee actually lives and works leaves the covenant measured against the law it was drafted for.

22. Entire Agreement, Amendment, Waiver, and Electronic Signatures

This agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties regarding its subject matter and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, and negotiations on this subject. This agreement may be amended only in writing signed by both parties, and any amendment changing the scope of a restrictive covenant must be signed by Employee. A party's failure to enforce any provision does not waive that party's right to enforce it later. This agreement may be executed in counterparts, including by electronic signature, each of which is an original.

Signatures

By signing this agreement, each party acknowledges and agrees to the restrictive covenant obligations above. Employee confirms having read and understood each provision, including the Cover Terms.

Employer

Employer: [Legal name of the entity that employs the employee]

Signature:

Signatory Name: [Full name of the authorized signatory signing for the employer]

Title: [Title of the authorized signatory signing for the employer]

Date:

Employee

Signature:

Print Name: [Full legal name of the employee]

Date:

Adapted from OpenAgreements Wyoming and Florida restrictive covenant templates. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.