# New York Nonprofit Governance: Bylaws and Board Action[^about]

Bylaw authority, board quorum and voting, written consent, committee limits, member consent and an adoption-packet checklist.

This installment covers bylaw authority and board decision-making under New York’s Not-for-Profit Corporation Law, with separate member-consent and committee-authority discussion. It is useful beyond bylaw amendments, but it is not a complete bylaw drafting manual. Member-meeting procedures, fiduciary duties, indemnification, formation and tax exemption are outside its scope. Special statutory and religious-corporation regimes need separate analysis. [Regents-chartered education corporations have their own guide](/practice-guides/school-governance/us/new-york).

Part of [Review and update school governance](/toolkits/review-school-governance).

## Which instruments govern a New York nonprofit’s bylaws? {#which-law}

**Short answer.** The determination starts with formation authority, rather than tax-exempt status or an informal nonprofit label. This guide addresses the ordinary Not-for-Profit Corporation Law framework. Under § 602(f), bylaws may regulate the corporation’s affairs only consistently with the chapter, other state statutes and the certificate of incorporation. The current certificate, bylaws and adoption history therefore matter before a new draft can be approved. [^which-law-npc-bylaw-consistency]
Special regulatory authority is not displaced: § 602(d) preserves governmental bylaw powers granted under other law. It is helpful to check the charter to confirm whether there is a restriction. [Regents-chartered education corporations](/practice-guides/school-governance/us/new-york) have a separate guide; the ordinary meeting defaults below must not simply be copied into a special statutory regime. [^which-law-npc-regulatory-powers]

## Can the board amend the bylaws without member approval? {#who-can-amend}

**Short answer.** Usually under N-PCL § 602(b), but not where the certificate or member-adopted bylaws provide otherwise. Section 602(b) gives amendment power to the members entitled to vote in director elections, subject to § 612's voting limitations, and — unless the certificate or member-adopted bylaws provide otherwise — to the board. [^npc-member-and-board-amendment] Section 602(c) governs amendment of the other body's bylaws: a board-adopted bylaw may be amended or repealed by the members, and a member-adopted bylaw may be amended or repealed by the board unless the certificate or member-adopted bylaws provide otherwise. [^npc-cross-body-amendment] Initial incorporator-adopted bylaws count as member-adopted under § 602(a). [^npc-incorporator-bylaws] A board cannot assume that its newest draft overrides the current restriction. Proposed bylaws must remain consistent with applicable statutes and the certificate under § 602(f). [^npc-bylaw-consistency]
**Amendment authority:** the amendment clause, its adopting body and any reserved power or higher approval condition determine which body the resolution can identify as authorized to act. A grant of board authority is not necessarily exclusive and does not, by itself, eliminate member authority. Because § 602(b) locates member amendment power in the members *at the time entitled to vote*, the relevant electorate is the membership existing under the current instruments, not a membership the pending draft would create. **Our reading of that text** — a statutory reading, not a judicial holding — is that an amendment establishing a membership class for the first time cannot supply its own approving electorate; the initial creation of members, and whatever approvals it requires, stands outside the routine amendment mechanics this resource describes. [^npc-member-and-board-amendment][^npc-incorporator-bylaws]
Under the ordinary N-PCL rule, an executive or other committee cannot adopt, amend or repeal bylaws. Section 712(a) grants a board committee the board's authority only to the extent provided in a resolution, the certificate or the bylaws, and then withholds specified matters from every committee; the amendment or repeal of the bylaws and the adoption of new bylaws are on that withheld list, § 712(a)(4). A committee can prepare recommendations, but its approval is not the required corporate adoption. [^npc-committee-exclusion]

## What quorum and vote does an ordinary nonprofit board need? {#meeting-votes}

**Short answer.** For the ordinary N-PCL route, quorum defaults to a majority of the **entire board** under § 707, and passage requires a majority of the directors present at the time of the vote under § 708(d). Three numbers therefore matter, and they are not interchangeable: the quorum denominator (the entire board), the voting base (directors present at the time of the vote), and the affirmative votes actually cast. [^npc-board-quorum][^npc-meeting-vote]
**Entire board** means the voting-director complement with no vacancies, not simply current incumbents. For a fixed-size board, that fixed number supplies the denominator. [^npc-entire-board-denominator] If the bylaws provide a minimum–maximum range and the number has not been fixed under § 702(a), § 102(a)(6-a) uses the directors elected or appointed as of the most recent director election, together with directors whose terms have not yet expired. Each director is counted once; neither the range maximum, range minimum nor current headcount automatically supplies the denominator. **The latest election/appointment record and continuing terms**, as well as the range clause, establish the calculation. [^npc-unfixed-range-board] Section 707 permits the certificate or bylaws to fix a lower quorum within statutory floors: for boards of fifteen or fewer, at least one-third of the entire number; above fifteen, at least five members plus one for each ten members or fraction above fifteen. A greater quorum may be required by the chapter, the certificate or a member-adopted bylaw. [^npc-board-quorum]
Under § 708(d), ordinary action requires a majority of directors present **at the vote**, with quorum then present, subject to higher or special requirements. Abstention does not turn this into a majority-of-votes-cast test: an abstaining director present at the vote still counts in the voting base. The statute separately provides that directors present at the meeting but not present at the time of a vote because of a conflict of interest or related-party transaction still count toward quorum at that time; the conflicted transaction itself requires its own analysis. [^npc-meeting-vote]
**Example:** nine fixed voting seats, two vacant, five directors present throughout, three affirmative votes and two abstentions. With valid notice and no special or higher rule, quorum is five (a majority of nine, not of seven incumbents) and three votes suffice (a majority of the five present). Four attendees would not establish the default quorum even though they are a majority of seven incumbents.
Under § 711, regular meetings whose time and place are fixed by the bylaws or the board may be held without notice unless the bylaws provide otherwise; special meetings require notice to the directors. [^npc-notice-default] The bylaws may prescribe what constitutes notice of a board meeting, and a notice need not state the meeting's purpose unless the bylaws require it. [^npc-notice-bylaw-content] Notice is excused for a director who submits a written or electronic waiver, before or after the meeting, or who attends without protesting the lack of notice before or at the meeting's start. [^npc-notice-waiver] **The existing notice clause and the actual notice record govern the adoption analysis**, rather than the notice rule proposed in the amendment.

## Can a majority of directors approve by email instead of meeting? {#written-consent}

**Short answer.** Not under the ordinary N-PCL § 708(b) route. Unless the certificate or bylaws restrict the without-meeting route, board action without a meeting requires every member of the board to consent to the resolution; a meeting-style majority of email replies approves nothing. [^npc-unanimous-consent] Written consent must be executed by the director; electronic consent must be sent by electronic mail or other electronic means and set forth, or be submitted with, information from which it can reasonably be determined that the director authorized it. Silence or failure to reply is not consent. The resolution and the consents must be filed with the board minutes, so electronic approvals also form part of the supporting record. [^npc-consent-execution-filing]
**Consent documentation:** the consent identifies the exact amendment or attached restatement, collects each required approval and does not falsely recite a meeting or quorum. Vacant seats do not sign, but an incumbent cannot be omitted merely because unavailable. **Example:** nine fixed voting seats, two vacant; the seven incumbents are the only board members, and no special or higher rule applies. The consent route requires all seven incumbent board members to consent; five consents adopt nothing, even though five directors at a duly noticed, quorate meeting could have approved the same amendment. The two routes apply different tests, not different arithmetic on one test. [^npc-unanimous-consent]
**Who must sign is a board-membership question, not a quorum question.** Section 708(b) speaks of all members of the board, and § 102(a)(6) defines a director as any member of the governing board, whatever the title — director, trustee, manager, governor or otherwise. [^npc-director-defined] By contrast, § 102(a)(6-a)'s entire-board definition counts the directors entitled to vote, a formula built for quorum and vote denominators. [^npc-entire-board-voting] Because the two formulas differ, the voting denominator alone does not settle who must sign a consent: a person's status as a required signatory turns on whether that person is, in operative effect, a member of the governing board. An attendee with a purely advisory role is not necessarily a board member, and a seat labeled nonvoting is not automatically outside the board; the operative role under the charter and bylaws matters. This resource does not resolve every ex-officio or nonvoting arrangement categorically — an unusual structure requires its own analysis.
If unanimity is unavailable, a duly convened meeting may provide an alternative if otherwise authorized; a conference-telephone or video meeting under § 708(c) is different from asynchronous email approvals. Unless the certificate or bylaws restrict remote participation, participants must be able to hear one another at the same time, and each director must be able to participate in every matter, including proposing, objecting and voting. A one-way broadcast or chat-only poll does not meet those conditions. **Presence in person through remote participation depends on the platform and participation arrangements**; notice and quorum remain separate requirements. [^npc-remote-participation] For a protected-threshold amendment governed by § 709(c), the expressly stated route is authorization at a meeting; this resource does not resolve whether § 708(b) can substitute for that particular requirement. [^npc-protected-amendment-meeting]

## Can a simple majority remove a supermajority or heightened-quorum rule? {#heightened-requirements}

**Short answer.** Generally no. N-PCL § 709 can displace the ordinary vote rule: under § 709(a), the certificate or a member-adopted bylaw may fix a director quorum or vote requirement greater than the statutory default. [^npc-heightened-provisions] Changing such a provision has its own thresholds, and each route uses a different denominator. Where the corporation has members, a member amendment adding, changing or striking a protected provision requires a vote of two-thirds of the **members entitled to vote**, or the specifically prescribed greater proportion. [^npc-member-change-vote] Where there are no members, the board route requires authorization **at a meeting** by two-thirds of the **entire board**, or the specifically prescribed greater proportion; where the corporation has members, § 709(c) does not provide an alternative board route. [^npc-board-change-vote]
**Example:** a memberless corporation has nine fixed voting seats and proposes removing a provision protected by § 709. Five yes votes do not satisfy the statutory six-vote floor (two-thirds of nine) merely because seven directors attend. The existing protected rule may itself prescribe an even higher amendment threshold, which then controls.
**Adoption method and clause validity are separate questions.** Section 709 fixes how many approvals a protected change needs; it does not validate the content adopted. A special approval or substitute decision structure must independently satisfy § 602(f), which permits bylaw provisions not inconsistent with the chapter, other statutes or the certificate. [^npc-bylaw-content-limits][^npc-heightened-provisions] Satisfying a heightened adoption vote establishes the adoption, not the clause's validity; whether a particular governance arrangement is consistent with the statute is its own question, which this resource does not resolve categorically.

## If members must act, can their signatures substitute for board consent? {#member-action}

**Short answer.** No — the two consents are distinct corporate acts, and a person signing as a director is not thereby acting as a member. Under N-PCL § 614(a), member action without a meeting requires the consent of all members entitled to vote on the action; the consent must set forth the action taken, and written or electronic consents must satisfy the statute's execution and authentication requirements. [^npc-member-unanimous-consent] The paragraph preserves a qualifying certificate provision under which less-than-unanimous member consent suffices. The exception depends on an actual qualifying certificate provision and does not extend to board consent. [^npc-member-consent-exception]
**Member-action documentation:** the relevant membership and voting rights determine whose approval is needed. Where both bodies act, the records distinguish member and director capacities and approvals. If unanimity is not obtained and no verified certificate exception applies, the member-meeting route requires separate analysis. Member-meeting notice, record dates, proxies, class voting, quorum and special vote rules are outside this board-focused resource; the board calculations above do not establish valid member adoption.

## What should a bylaw adoption packet contain? {#approval-checklist}

**Short answer.** A bylaw adoption packet documents the authorized body, exact amended text, applicable vote and notice rules, and actual approvals. The component table below implements the rules cited in the questions above; it is not a prescribed statutory form. N-PCL § 602 also supplies the post-adoption communication requirements described after the table. [^npc-election-bylaw-notice][^npc-residential-change-notice][^npc-regulatory-powers]

| Packet component | What it establishes |
| --- | --- |
| Current charter/certificate, bylaws and adoption history | The acting body has amendment power; unresolved document gaps are named, not assumed away. See [governing law](#which-law) and [amendment authority](#who-can-amend). |
| Exact amended text or dated/versioned restatement | The resolution and every approval refer to the same text; an exhibit is attached or unambiguously identified. |
| Protected provisions and higher thresholds | The denominator and required number of approvals reflect § 709. See [protected approval thresholds](#heightened-requirements). |
| Meeting route | The record shows compliance with current notice requirements, attendance at the vote, quorum, yes/no/abstentions and actual outcome. See [ordinary board meetings](#meeting-votes). |
| Consent route | Each required authenticated consent relates to the resolution, and approvals are preserved with the minutes. Email consent is recorded as consent, rather than as a meeting. See [board consent](#written-consent). |
| Separate member action if needed | The approval reflects the relevant capacity, electorate and procedure; board approval does not itself establish member approval. See [separate member action](#member-action). |
| Effective date and certification | The packet identifies when adoption becomes effective and distinguishes completed approvals from a proposed meeting or unsigned consent. |
| Scope of the resolution | Adopting bylaws does not by itself appoint directors, restart terms, amend the charter or renew corporate duration. Those separate actions depend on their own intended scope and authority. |

N-PCL § 602(e) adds a concrete post-adoption notice requirement if the board changes a bylaw regulating an impending director election: the notice of the next member meeting for the election of directors must set out the bylaw adopted, amended or repealed, together with a concise statement of the changes made. [^npc-election-bylaw-notice] Section 602(g) separately requires residential not-for-profit corporations to provide board bylaw changes in writing, by physical or electronic means, to their members, stockholders and delegates within ten days of adoption. [^npc-residential-change-notice] Section 602(d) preserves the bylaw powers of governmental regulators of corporations subject to regulation under other law; approval under this resource is not clearance under every regulatory regime. [^npc-regulatory-powers]

**Unresolved approval questions:** missing governing instruments, unresolved entity classification, disputed electorate/board membership, an unmet threshold, or unsupported regulatory assumptions. This resource answers the scoped approval questions; it does not claim to cover all laws affecting nonprofit bylaws.

*Statutory sources retrieved September 9, 2026. Source-card dates identify retrieval of official text, not enactment dates.*

Site-authored text: CC BY 4.0. Statutory quotations are government legal text.


[^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-09-09. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. is admitted in New York. This article synthesizes New York primary law and is not legal advice. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship. CC BY 4.0. Cite as Steven Obiajulu, *New York Nonprofit Governance: Bylaws and Board Action*, OpenAgreements (last updated September 9, 2026), https://openagreements.org/practice-guides/nonprofit-governance/us/new-york.

[^which-law-npc-bylaw-consistency]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(f).** — "The by-laws may contain any provision relating to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its affairs, its rights or powers or the rights or powers of its members, directors or officers, not inconsistent with this chapter or any other statute of this state or the certificate of incorporation." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(f).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^which-law-npc-regulatory-powers]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(d).** — "In the case of a corporation which is subject, under any other law of this state, to regulation or control by a governmental body or officer, such body or officer may, to the extent provided in such other law, in furtherance of its or his authority to regulate or control: (1) Adopt, amend or repeal by-laws. (2) Amend or repeal any by-law adopted by the members or the board." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(d).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-member-and-board-amendment]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(b).** — "Subject to section 612 (Limitations on right to vote), the by-laws may be adopted, amended or repealed by the members at the time entitled to vote in the election of directors and, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or the by-laws adopted by the members, by the board." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(b).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-cross-body-amendment]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(c).** — "Any by-law adopted by the board may be amended or repealed by the members and, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or the by-laws adopted by the members, any by-law adopted by the members may be amended or repealed by the board." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(c).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-incorporator-bylaws]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(a).** — "The initial by-laws of a corporation may be adopted by its incorporators at the organization meeting and, if not so adopted by the incorporators, by its board. Any reference in this chapter to a ‘by-law adopted by the members’ includes a by-law adopted by the incorporators." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-bylaw-consistency]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(f).** — "The by-laws may contain any provision relating to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its affairs, its rights or powers or the rights or powers of its members, directors or officers, not inconsistent with this chapter or any other statute of this state or the certificate of incorporation." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(f).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-committee-exclusion]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 712(a), (a)(1)–(4).** — "Each such committee shall have the authority of the board to the extent provided in a board resolution or in the certificate of incorporation or by-laws, except that no committee of any kind shall have authority as to the following matters: (1) The submission to members of any action requiring members' approval under this chapter. (2) The filling of vacancies in the board of directors or in any committee. (3) The fixing of compensation of the directors for serving on the board or on any committee. (4) The amendment or repeal of the by-laws or the adoption of new by-laws." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 712(a), (a)(1)–(4).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/712>

[^npc-board-quorum]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 707.** — "Unless a greater proportion is required by this chapter or by the certificate of incorporation or by a by-law adopted by the members, a majority of the entire board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business or of any specified item of business, except that the certificate of incorporation or the by-laws may fix the quorum at less than a majority of the entire board, provided that in the case of a board of fifteen members or less the quorum shall be at least one-third of the entire number of members and in the case of a board of more than fifteen members the quorum shall be at least five members plus one additional member for every ten members (or fraction thereof) in excess of fifteen." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 707.* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/707>

[^npc-meeting-vote]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(d).** — "Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the vote of a majority of the directors present at the time of the vote, if a quorum is present at such time, shall be the act of the board. Directors who are present at a meeting but not present at the time of a vote due to a conflict of interest or related party transaction shall be determined to be present at the time of the vote for purposes of determining if a quorum is present at such time." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(d).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/708>

[^npc-entire-board-denominator]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6-a).** — "‘Entire board’ means the total number of directors entitled to vote which the corporation would have if there were no vacancies. If the by-laws of the corporation provide that the board shall consist of a fixed number of directors, then the ‘entire board’ shall consist of that number of directors." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6-a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/102>

[^npc-unfixed-range-board]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6-a).** — "If the by-laws of any corporation provide that the board may consist of a range between a minimum and maximum number of directors, and the number within that range has not been fixed in accordance with paragraph (a) of section seven hundred two of this chapter, then the ‘entire board’ shall consist of the number of directors within such range that were elected or appointed as of the most recently held election of directors, as well as any directors whose terms have not yet expired." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6-a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/102>

[^npc-notice-default]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 711(a).** — "Unless otherwise provided by the by-laws, regular meetings of the board may be held without notice if the time and place of such meetings are fixed by the by-laws or the board. Special meetings of the board shall be held upon notice to the directors." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 711(a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/711>

[^npc-notice-bylaw-content]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 711(b).** — "The by-laws may prescribe what shall constitute notice of meeting of the board. A notice, or waiver of notice, need not specify the purpose of any regular or special meeting of the board, unless required by the by-laws." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 711(b).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/711>

[^npc-notice-waiver]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 711(c).** — "Notice of a meeting need not be given to any alternate director, nor to any director who submits a waiver of notice whether before or after the meeting, or who attends the meeting without protesting, prior thereto or at its commencement, the lack of notice to him. Such waiver of notice may be written or electronic." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 711(c).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/711>

[^npc-unanimous-consent]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(b).** — "Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or the by-laws, any action required or permitted to be taken by the board or any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all members of the board or the committee consent to the adoption of a resolution authorizing the action." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(b).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/708>

[^npc-consent-execution-filing]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(b).** — "Such consent may be written or electronic. If written, the consent must be executed by the director by signing such consent or causing his or her signature to be affixed to such consent by any reasonable means including, but not limited to, facsimile signature. If electronic, the transmission of the consent must be sent by electronic mail or other electronic means and set forth, or be submitted with, information from which it can reasonably be determined that the transmission was authorized by the director. The resolution and the written consents thereto by the members of the board or committee shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the board or committee." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(b).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/708>

[^npc-director-defined]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6).** — "‘Director’ means any member of the governing board of a corporation, whether designated as director, trustee, manager, governor, or by any other title. The term ‘board’ means ‘board of directors’ or any other body constituting a ‘governing board’ as defined in this section." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/102>

[^npc-entire-board-voting]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6-a).** — "‘Entire board’ means the total number of directors entitled to vote which the corporation would have if there were no vacancies." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 102(a)(6-a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/102>

[^npc-remote-participation]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(c).** — "Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or the by-laws, any one or more members of the board or of any committee thereof who is not physically present at a meeting of the board or a committee may participate by means of a conference telephone or similar communications equipment or by electronic video screen communication. Participation by such means shall constitute presence in person at a meeting as long as all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time and each director can participate in all matters before the board, including, without limitation, the ability to propose, object to, and vote upon a specific action to be taken by the board or committee." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 708(c).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/708>

[^npc-protected-amendment-meeting]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(c).** — "If there are no members, an amendment by the board of directors of the certificate of incorporation or the by-law which adds a provision permitted by this section or which changes or strikes out such a provision, shall be authorized at a meeting by vote of two-thirds of the entire board, or of such greater proportion as may be provided specifically in the certificate of incorporation or the by-law for adding, changing or striking out a provision permitted by this section." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(c).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/709>

[^npc-heightened-provisions]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(a).** — "The certificate of incorporation or a by-law adopted by the members may contain provisions specifying either or both of the following: (1) That the proportion of directors that shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business or of any specified item of business shall be greater than the proportion prescribed by this chapter in the absence of such provision. (2) That the proportion of votes of directors that shall be necessary for the transaction of business or of any specified item of business shall be greater than the proportion prescribed by this chapter in the absence of such provision." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/709>

[^npc-member-change-vote]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(b).** — "An amendment by the members of the certificate of incorporation or of the by-laws which adds a provision permitted by this section or which changes or strikes out such a provision, shall be authorized by vote of two-thirds of the members entitled to vote or of such greater proportion as may be provided specifically in the certificate of incorporation or the by-law for adding, changing or striking out a provision permitted by this section." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(b).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/709>

[^npc-board-change-vote]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(c).** — "If there are no members, an amendment by the board of directors of the certificate of incorporation or the by-law which adds a provision permitted by this section or which changes or strikes out such a provision, shall be authorized at a meeting by vote of two-thirds of the entire board, or of such greater proportion as may be provided specifically in the certificate of incorporation or the by-law for adding, changing or striking out a provision permitted by this section." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 709(c).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/709>

[^npc-bylaw-content-limits]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(f).** — "The by-laws may contain any provision relating to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its affairs, its rights or powers or the rights or powers of its members, directors or officers, not inconsistent with this chapter or any other statute of this state or the certificate of incorporation." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(f).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-member-unanimous-consent]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 614(a).** — "Whenever, under this chapter, members are required or permitted to take any action by vote, such action may be taken without a meeting upon the consent of all of the members entitled to vote thereon, which consent shall set forth the action so taken. Such consent may be written or electronic. If written, the consent must be executed by the member or the member's authorized officer, director, employee or agent by signing such consent or causing his or her signature to be affixed to such consent by any reasonable means including but not limited to facsimile signature. If electronic, the transmission of the consent must be sent by electronic mail or other electronic means and set forth, or be submitted with, information from which it can reasonably be determined that the transmission was authorized by the member." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 614(a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/614>

[^npc-member-consent-exception]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 614(a).** — "This paragraph shall not be construed to alter or modify any provision in a certificate of incorporation not inconsistent with this chapter under which the written consent of less than all of the members is sufficient for corporate action." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 614(a).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/614>

[^npc-election-bylaw-notice]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(e).** — "If any by-law regulating an impending election of directors is adopted, amended or repealed by the board, there shall be set forth in the notice of the next meeting of the members for the election of directors the by-law so adopted, amended or repealed, together with a concise statement of the changes made." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(e).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-residential-change-notice]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(g).** — "In the case of residential not-for-profit corporations, changes including the adoption, amendment or repeal of the by-laws by the board of directors shall be provided to the members, stockholders, and delegates of such corporation in writing, by physical or electronic means, within ten days of such adoption." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(g).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

[^npc-regulatory-powers]: **N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(d).** — "In the case of a corporation which is subject, under any other law of this state, to regulation or control by a governmental body or officer, such body or officer may, to the extent provided in such other law, in furtherance of its or his authority to regulate or control: (1) Adopt, amend or repeal by-laws. (2) Amend or repeal any by-law adopted by the members or the board." *N.Y. Not-for-Profit Corp. Law § 602(d).* <https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/NPC/602>

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