# Non-Compete Agreement Review Checklist — Pennsylvania[^about] A clause-by-clause reviewer checklist for Pennsylvania employee restrictive covenant agreements — confidentiality, non-solicits, non-competes, and non-disparagement under the Socko four-part test, the new-consideration rule for mid-employment covenants, and Act 74's health care restrictions. ## Parties and cover-term identification {#parties-and-cover-term-identification} Review every item below the way a Pennsylvania court would: there is no general non-compete statute, the courts are historically hostile to restraints on trade, and every covenant must clear a four-part test — ancillary to employment, adequate consideration, reasonable limits, and a legitimate business interest — before it binds anyone. A 2024 statute adds hard limits for health care practitioners. For the question-by-question legal analysis behind these items, see the [Pennsylvania non-compete practice note](/legal/non-compete/pennsylvania). - [ ] **Parties identified by name** (Recommended) — Confirm the named employer is the entity the worker actually works for. In Pennsylvania the covenant is personal to the contracting employer — it does not automatically travel to affiliates or buyers — so a covenant papered with a parent or staffing entity raises the question of who, exactly, holds an enforceable promise. [#identify-parties] - [ ] **Effective date** (Recommended) — The date does double duty here. It starts each covenant clock, and for health care practitioners it decides whether the agreement falls under the 2024 statute: a noncompete covenant entered into after the Act's effective date is void unless it fits the narrow one-year exception. An undated practitioner agreement leaves the reviewer unable to tell which regime governs. [^pa-act74-applicability-cover] [#identify-effective-date] - [ ] **Employee title** (Recommended) — Record the title and the actual duties. The role drives the reasonableness analysis — what counts as a protectable interest and a fair restraint differs for a salesperson and an engineer — and for clinicians it is dispositive: the statute names five covered practitioner classes, from medical doctors to physician assistants, and each sits under the one-year cap and dismissal rule checked at the end of this checklist. [^pa-act74-practitioner-cover] [#identify-employee-title] - [ ] **Governing law state named** (Recommended) — Check that the governing state is stated. The choice decides whether the covenant is measured against Pennsylvania's four-part test, its consideration rule, and Act 74 — or against some other body of law — and an agreement that leaves the question open invites a threshold fight before the merits. [#identify-governing-law] ## Definitions {#definitions} - [ ] **Confidential information** (Recommended) — Tie the definition to material the employer genuinely guards. Pennsylvania's foundational case recognized the carefully guarded methods of doing business that amount to trade secrets as the kind of interest a covenant may protect — a definition that sweeps in everything the worker ever learned reads as suppression of ordinary competition, which Pennsylvania law does not protect. [^pa-morgans-specialized-training] [#define-confidential-information] - [ ] **Trade secrets** (Recommended) — Keep trade secrets defined separately from ordinary confidential information. The separate term lets trade-secret protection run as long as secrecy lasts while everything else gets a finite term, and it anchors the strongest protectable interest available to support the covenants — the specialized methods Pennsylvania courts have protected since the 1950s. [^pa-morgans-specialized-training] [#define-trade-secrets] - [ ] **Restricted period** (Recommended) — One defined Restricted Period keeps every duration auditable. Pennsylvania has no statutory cap for the ordinary workforce — a covenant is only presumptively enforceable when reasonably limited as to duration, measured against the interest protected — and health care practitioner covenants are capped at one year by statute regardless of what the agreement says. [^pa-morgans-prima-facie] [#define-restricted-period] - [ ] **Restricted territory** (Recommended) — Map the territory to where the employer actually competes. Pennsylvania courts enforce post-employment restraints only when they are reasonably limited in geographic extent and reasonably necessary to protect the employer — a territory drawn around aspiration rather than the real market is the classic overbreadth that invites a court to enforce less than the employer drafted, or nothing at all. [^pa-sidco-standard-defs] [#define-restricted-territory] - [ ] **Covered customers** (Recommended) — Bound the class to customers the worker actually served during a stated look-back window. A recent Pennsylvania appellate decision declined to stretch a restriction to customers whose relationships predated the employee's tenure — the employer never built that goodwill through this worker, so restraining it protects nothing the law recognizes. [^pa-english-predated-defs] [#define-covered-customers] - [ ] **Covered employees** (Recommended) — Keep the no-poach class to colleagues the departing worker actually worked with or supervised during the look-back window. No Pennsylvania statute or staged decision speaks directly to employee non-solicits, so the clause is judged on the same reasonableness principles as every other restraint — a modest, relationship-based class is far easier to defend than a workforce-wide hiring fence. [#define-covered-employees] - [ ] **Protected business interests** (Recommended) — Name the interests in the vocabulary Pennsylvania recognizes: trade secrets, confidential information, customer goodwill, and genuinely specialized training. The fourth element of the enforceability test runs through these interests, and the covenants are enforced only so far as reasonably necessary to protect them — a recital that claims only a wish to avoid competition supports nothing. [^pa-morgans-necessary-defs] [#define-protected-interests] - [ ] **Competitive business** (Recommended) — Describe the genuinely competing activity in concrete terms, then test the definition against the worker's trade. Pennsylvania courts subject these covenants to close scrutiny precisely because the parties bargain from unequal positions — a definition that swallows the worker's whole occupation hands the employee that scrutiny argument fully formed. [^pa-reading-scrutiny-defs] [#define-competitive-business] - [ ] **Small public-stock carve-out** (Recommended) — Where ownership or investment in competitors is restricted, look for a passive-holdings carve-out below a stated threshold. A clause that technically forbids holding index funds or ordinary public shares is breadth no protectable interest justifies — exactly the gratuitous overreach Pennsylvania courts have warned drafters away from. [#permit-de-minimis-passive-public-investment-carveout] - [ ] **Passive public holdings** (Optional) — A drafting convenience, not a requirement — plenty of agreements inline the carve-out language instead. If the capitalized term appears, confirm its percentage matches the operative carve-out it supports. [#define-passive-public-holdings] - [ ] **What counts as soliciting** (Avoid) — Pennsylvania reads solicitation as something the employee does, not something that happens to them. A 2026 Superior Court memorandum held that the verbs *solicit*, *divert*, and *entice* each require an affirmative act — so a worker who merely accepts business from clients who seek him out has not breached — and found a non-solicitation clause unenforceable as written because it had no geographic scope. The decision is non-precedential, but it applies settled reasonableness principles: define soliciting as affirmative outreach directed at covered customers, give the clause a geographic limit, and do not write a definition that quietly converts the clause into a ban on accepting work. [^pa-english-affirmative-defs][^pa-english-no-geo-defs] [#define-solicit-as-affirmative-conduct] - [ ] **Termination of employment** (Recommended) — Verify the trigger covers resignation, dismissal, and expiration the same way — and capture who ended the relationship and why, because in Pennsylvania that fact shapes enforcement. The courts draw a significant distinction between a worker who voluntarily leaves and one fired for failing to do the job: dismissing a worker as not worth keeping undercuts the claim that the employer still needs protection from that same worker. [^pa-brobston-distinction-defs][^pa-brobston-fired-defs] [#define-termination-of-employment] ## Timing and execution acknowledgements {#timing-and-execution-acknowledgements} - [ ] **New consideration for a mid-employment covenant** (Required) — This is the item that kills more Pennsylvania covenants than any other. A covenant signed after employment has begun is enforceable only with new and valuable consideration beyond keeping the job — a raise, bonus, promotion, or other beneficial change in status — because continued at-will employment alone is not enough. A recital that the parties intend to be legally bound does not plug the gap: the Supreme Court held the statutory recital cannot substitute for real consideration in this context. And for a covenant signed shortly after the first day, no new consideration is needed only if the parties agreed to its essential provisions when the relationship began. Find the date, find the consideration, and confirm the worker actually received it. [^pa-socko-mid-employment][^pa-maintenance-continued][^pa-socko-uwoa][^pa-rullex-essential] [#provide-new-consideration-for-post-hire-covenants] - [ ] **Chance to consult a lawyer** (Recommended) — No Pennsylvania statute demands it, but these covenants are scrutinized closely because the parties bargain from unequal positions — and a documented opportunity to take the agreement to a lawyer before signing is cheap evidence that the process was fair rather than coercive. [#acknowledge-opportunity-to-consult-counsel] ## Confidentiality and trade-secret treatment {#confidentiality-and-trade-secret-treatment} - [ ] **Trade-secret protection without an end date** (Required) — The trade-secret obligation should last as long as secrecy does — that is how federal law defines the right. A fixed expiry on trade-secret confidentiality quietly forfeits protection the employer is entitled to keep, and in a state where the covenant must be tethered to a genuine protectable interest, weakening the trade-secret position weakens the covenant resting on it. [^dtsa-trade-secret-definition] [#treat-trade-secret-protection-as-perpetual] - [ ] **Confidentiality end date** (Recommended) — Give ordinary confidential information its own finite term. Pennsylvania measures every restraint against what is reasonably necessary, and a perpetual lid on non-secret material is exactly the kind of unbounded obligation that draws an overbreadth attack — the two-track structure keeps the perpetual duty where it belongs. [#state-confidentiality-duration] ## Permitted disclosures and protected conduct {#permitted-disclosures-and-protected-conduct} - [ ] **DTSA whistleblower notice** (Required) — Federal law, fully applicable in Pennsylvania: omit the immunity notice and the employer forfeits exemplary damages and attorney fees in a later federal trade-secret suit against the worker. For an employer whose restraint package leans on trade secrets, giving up those remedies over a missing paragraph is an unforced error. [^dtsa-immunity-notice] [#disclose-dtsa-notice] - [ ] **Wage-discussion carve-out** (Required) — Confidentiality and non-disparagement language has to leave wages, hours, and working conditions discussable. Federal labor law protects that speech regardless of the governing state, and the Board has been striking overbroad clauses in employee agreements. [^nlra-section-7-rights][^mclaren-macomb-protected-activity] [#carve-out-nlra-protected-discussion] - [ ] **Court-ordered disclosure allowed** (Recommended) — Confirm the carve-out for disclosure required by law, court order, or a government investigation, with notice to the employer where lawful. A confidentiality clause cannot stop legally compelled disclosure, and a clause that pretends otherwise hands the worker an overbreadth argument for free. [#permit-compelled-disclosure] ## Property return and certification {#property-return-and-certification} - [ ] **Property return and sign-off** (Recommended) — Return-or-delete at separation, certified in writing. The certification builds the record an employer needs if a covenant fight comes: in a state where the restraint must track a genuine protectable interest, being able to show exactly what confidential material left and what came back makes the interest concrete instead of rhetorical. [#require-property-return-and-certification] ## Restrictive covenants (each independently includable) {#restrictive-covenants-each-independently-includable} - [ ] **Employee non-solicit** (Optional) — Optional, and the quietest covenant in the Pennsylvania family: no statute addresses it, so it is judged on ordinary reasonableness. Keep it inside the Covered Employees class and the Restricted Period — and remember that a clause restraining the worker from soliciting colleagues is different in kind from a clause between two businesses promising not to hire each other's people, which faces its own Pennsylvania problem checked at the end of this list. [#permit-employee-nonsolicit] - [ ] **Customer non-solicit** (Optional) — Often the best-value covenant, but Pennsylvania polices its edges. Keep it tied to customers the worker actually served, give it a geographic limit, and keep the operative verbs affirmative — a recent appellate decision read soliciting, diverting, and enticing as each requiring an affirmative act, so a clause counting on catching passively accepted business is counting on language the court refused to stretch. [^pa-english-acceptance-covs] [#permit-customer-nonsolicit] - [ ] **Non-dealing covenant** (Optional) — Non-dealing bars serving covered customers even when they call first — which is precisely the conduct Pennsylvania's affirmative-act reading of solicitation leaves free. A clause prohibiting the worker from accepting unsolicited business is therefore a deliberate escalation, not a drafting variant: treat it as a restraint that needs its own reasonableness justification, and keep the customer class and period tight. [^pa-english-acceptance-covs] [#permit-non-dealing] - [ ] **Non-compete covenant** (Optional) — Available in Pennsylvania, but only on the common law's terms, and under close scrutiny. Every element gets tested: ancillary to the employment, supported by adequate consideration, reasonably limited in time and territory, and tied to a legitimate business interest. Route the review through the Pennsylvania gates at the end of this checklist — the four-part test first, then the health care rules if the worker is a covered practitioner. [^pa-socko-test-covs][^pa-reading-scrutiny-covs] [#permit-non-compete] - [ ] **Named-competitor narrowing** (Recommended) — When the employer can name its real competitors, the covenant should bind those instead of leaning on the open-ended Competitive Business definition. In a state whose courts enforce restraints only so far as reasonably necessary — and may decline to trim an aggressive draft — a named list is self-proving narrowness that leaves the worker the rest of the industry. [#narrow-non-compete-by-specified-competitors-when-provided] - [ ] **Non-investment covenant** (Optional) — Rare and deliberate. Confirm the passive-holdings carve-out is intact and the clause shares the defined Restricted Period — an investment restraint with no carve-out and no end date is breadth the employer will struggle to justify as reasonably necessary for any recognized interest. [#permit-non-investment] ## Non-disparagement {#non-disparagement} - [ ] **Non-disparagement** (Recommended) — Standard to include with a stated term, but audit the carve-outs: truthful testimony, statements to government agencies, and protected workplace speech must sit outside the clause. Federal labor law polices overbroad versions in every state, and no Pennsylvania statute gives the clause any special shelter. [^mclaren-macomb-nondisparagement] [#require-non-disparagement] ## Physician-specific notices and carve-outs {#physician-specific-notices-and-carve-outs} - [ ] **Practitioner rights and notices** (Recommended) — The dedicated clause should state Pennsylvania's health care rules plainly: for a covered practitioner, a noncompete covenant is enforceable only if it runs no more than one year and the practitioner was not dismissed by the employer, and the employer owes departing practitioners' recent patients a notice within 90 days. The covered classes go well beyond physicians — nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants are all in — so the clause should speak to practitioners generally, not doctors alone. The hard gates are checked in the Pennsylvania section below. [^pa-act74-exception-clause][^pa-act74-notice-clause] [#address-physician-specific-rights] ## No conflicting obligations {#no-conflicting-obligations} - [ ] **No conflicting obligations** (Recommended) — The worker's representation that no earlier agreement or order blocks the new role. It surfaces an incoming covenant on day one — when the parties can still test it against Pennsylvania's four-part framework and consideration rule — instead of after a demand letter arrives mid-quarter. [#require-no-conflicting-obligations-representation] ## Notice to future employers and other third parties {#notice-to-future-employers-and-other-third-parties} - [ ] **Notice to future employers** (Optional) — A genuine drafting choice, not a requirement. A notice provision can support enforcement, but warning a new employer off a worker based on a covenant a Pennsylvania court would refuse to enforce — for missing consideration, overbreadth, or the health care rules — invites a tortious-interference dispute. If the clause appears, condition any outreach on a covenant that actually survives the gates in this checklist. [#address-notice-to-future-employers] ## Tolling during breach {#tolling-during-breach} - [ ] **Restriction extended during a breach** (Recommended) — The agreement should say whether the clock pauses during a breach — but flag any extension mechanism as an open Pennsylvania question. No staged statute or appellate decision squarely endorses automatic tolling, and the background rules cut against open-ended extensions: every restraint must be reasonably limited in duration, and a covenant is only presumptively enforceable when reasonably limited as to time. Draft any extension as a separate, breach-tied, bounded restraint, and do not assume a court will revive an expired covenant. [^pa-sidco-tolling][^pa-morgans-tolling] [#address-tolling-during-breach] ## Remedies {#remedies} - [ ] **Injunction availability** (Recommended) — Look for the acknowledgement that breach may cause irreparable harm and that an injunction is appropriate relief. Enforcement of these covenants in Pennsylvania is equitable at its core — the courts speak of the equitable enforcement of post-employment restraints — so the acknowledgement supports, but never replaces, the showing a court will demand before restraining anyone. [^pa-sidco-equitable-remedies] [#require-injunctive-relief-availability] - [ ] **Attorney fees and costs** (Optional) — A commercial choice; the default American Rule applies if the agreement is silent. Check that any fee-shifting is mutual and prevailing-party based — a one-way employer clause adds to the harshness of a package that Pennsylvania courts already read with a skeptical eye. [#address-attorneys-fees-and-costs] ## Severability and reformation {#severability-and-reformation} - [ ] **Tiered restraints, not court rescue** (Avoid) — Read the severability clause as architecture, not insurance. A Pennsylvania court of equity can enforce just the portions of an overbroad covenant that are reasonably necessary — but the power is discretionary, and the Supreme Court has warned that freely rewriting excessive restraints would reward employers for over-drafting, secure in the knowledge that something survives. A covenant drafted far broader than necessary may get no rescue at all. Prefer separable tiers, customer-specific alternatives, and distinct duration and geography steps that give a court reasonable text to enforce without authoring the restraint itself. [^pa-sidco-partial][^pa-reading-overreach] [#draft-reasonable-tiers-rather-than-rely-on-partial-enforcement] ## Survival {#survival} - [ ] **Survival after the agreement ends** (Recommended) — Per-covenant survival keeps each clock independently checkable — perpetual for trade secrets, finite elsewhere. The discipline matters in Pennsylvania because each surviving restraint is measured on its own footing against the four-part test: a defensible customer non-solicit should not have its fate bundled with a shakier market-wide ban inside one undifferentiated survival clause. [#address-survival-per-covenant] ## Assignment and successors {#assignment-and-successors} - [ ] **Express assignability provision** (Recommended) — In Pennsylvania this clause is load-bearing, not boilerplate. The Supreme Court holds that a restrictive covenant in an employment agreement does not pass to a buyer in an asset sale unless the agreement contains a specific assignability provision — the covenant is personal, confined to the employer the worker actually contracted with. A generic successors-and-assigns recital that never mentions the restrictive covenants leaves an acquirer with nothing to enforce, so confirm the express provision exists in every agreement a transaction is counting on. [^pa-hess-not-assignable][^pa-hess-personal] [#include-an-express-assignability-provision] ## Governing law, venue, dispute process {#governing-law-venue-dispute-process} - [ ] **Governing law, venue, dispute process** (Recommended) — The clause should name governing law, venue, and the dispute process. For a Pennsylvania workforce the honest selection is Pennsylvania law and a Pennsylvania forum: the covenant was presumably drafted against the four-part test, the consideration rule, and the health care statute, and a foreign-law clause papering a Pennsylvania clinician or salesperson signals a form that was never localized — and tees up a choice-of-law fight on top of the merits. [#specify-governing-law-and-venue] ## Entire agreement, amendment, waiver, e-signatures {#entire-agreement-amendment-waiver-e-signatures} - [ ] **Entire agreement, amendments, e-signatures** (Recommended) — Boilerplate with a Pennsylvania trap inside: a covenant added by amendment after the initial contract is a later-agreed restraint, and a later-agreed restraint must be supported by new consideration of its own. Review the amendment mechanics so a routine refresh does not quietly create a covenant the employer never paid for — and remember that an intend-to-be-legally-bound recital cannot stand in for the missing value. [^pa-kistler-later] [#address-entire-agreement-amendment-waiver-and-e-signatures] ## Pennsylvania gates (four-part test and Act 74) {#pennsylvania-statutory-gates} The four items below exist only on this Pennsylvania page: the four-part enforceability test every covenant must pass, the two hard limits the health care statute imposes, and the rule against no-hire promises between businesses. - [ ] **All four enforceability elements satisfied** (Required) — Run every restraint through Pennsylvania's four questions: is the covenant ancillary to an employment relationship, is it supported by adequate consideration, is it reasonably limited in duration and geographic extent, and is it designed to protect a legitimate interest of the employer? All four must hold — a covenant reasonably limited in every dimension still fails if the consideration was just keeping the job, and a well-paid-for covenant still fails if it protects nothing but freedom from competition. The framework is decades old: a post-employment covenant is only presumptively enforceable when reasonably limited as to time and geography, and even then the courts enforce no more than the employer's protection requires. [^pa-socko-four-part-gate][^pa-morgans-prima-facie-gate] [#keep-covenants-within-the-four-part-enforceability-test] - [ ] **Health care non-competes capped at one year, gone on dismissal** (Prohibited) — For a covered health care practitioner — a medical doctor, doctor of osteopathy, certified registered nurse anesthetist, certified registered nurse practitioner, or physician assistant — a noncompete covenant entered into after the 2024 Act's effective date is void as against public policy, with one narrow exception: it runs no more than one year and the practitioner was not dismissed by the employer. Both conditions matter — a facially reasonable two-year clinician restraint is simply void, and even a one-year covenant evaporates if the employer did the dismissing. Skip the reasonableness balancing entirely for these workers; check the practitioner class, the date, the length, and who ended the relationship. The Act leaves room for recovering practitioner-specific expenses such as relocation, training, and patient-base costs accrued in the three years before separation, amortized over up to five years — but not when the employer dismissed the practitioner. [^pa-act74-applicability-gate][^pa-act74-exception-gate][^pa-act74-practitioner-gate] [#void-health-care-noncompetes-over-one-year-or-after-dismissal] - [ ] **Patient notice after a practitioner departs** (Required) — When a covered practitioner leaves, the employer must notify the patients the practitioner saw within the past year — where there was an ongoing outpatient relationship of at least two years — within 90 days of the departure. The duty is the employer's and does not depend on whether any covenant survives, so confirm the agreement's confidentiality and covenant language does not treat the practitioner's departure or destination as a secret the employer cannot share with patients. An organization that papers the covenant but has no notice workflow has satisfied the easy half of the statute. [^pa-act74-notice-gate] [#notify-patients-after-a-covered-practitioner-departs] - [ ] **No business-to-business no-hire clauses** (Avoid) — If the covenant package rides a commercial contract between businesses, check for a clause promising that one business will not hire the other's people. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court balanced such a provision's overbreadth and public harm against the company's interest and held it unreasonably in restraint of trade and unenforceable — it was greater than needed and restrained workers who were not parties to the contract and received no consideration. Strike the clause and protect the relationship the direct way: narrowly drawn confidentiality obligations and worker-side covenants supported by consideration. [^pa-beemac-unenforceable-gate][^pa-beemac-overbroad-gate] [#avoid-no-hire-clauses-between-businesses] [^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org) · Maintained by [UseJunior](https://usejunior.com). Last reviewed 2026-06-12. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. edits this review checklist for Pennsylvania (US) coverage. It synthesizes legal sources and is not legal advice. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship. [^pa-act74-applicability-cover]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 4(a)** — "(a) Applicability.--Except as provided under subsection (b), a noncompete covenant entered into after the effective date of this subsection is deemed contrary to the public policy and is void and unenforceable by an employer." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 4(a) (Pa.).* [^pa-act74-practitioner-cover]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 3** — "‘Health care practitioner.’ The following: (1) A medical doctor as defined in section 2 of the act of December 20, 1985 (P.L.457, No.112), known as the Medical Practice Act of 1985. (2) A doctor of osteopathy under the act of October 5, 1978 (P.L.1109, No.261), known as the Osteopathic Medical Practice Act. (3) A certified registered nurse anesthetist as defined in section 2(16) of the act of May 22, 1951 (P.L.317, No.69), known as The Professional Nursing Law. (4) A certified registered nurse practitioner as defined in section 2(12) of The Professional Nursing Law. (5) A physician assistant as defined in section 2 of the Osteopathic Medical Practice Act or section 2 of the Medical Practice Act of 1985." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 3 (Pa.).* [^pa-morgans-specialized-training]: **Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci** — "An employe may receive specialized training and skills, and learn the carefully guarded methods of doing business which are the trade secrets of a particular enterprise." *Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci, 136 A.2d 838 (Pa. 1957).* [^pa-morgans-prima-facie]: **Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci** — "We have held that employment contracts containing general covenants by an employe not to compete after the termination of his employment are prima facie enforcible if they are reasonably limited as to duration of time and geographical extent." *Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci, 136 A.2d 838 (Pa. 1957).* [^pa-sidco-standard-defs]: **Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron** — "Our courts will permit the equitable enforcement of post-employment restraints only where they are incident to an employment relation between the parties to the covenant, the restrictions are reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer, and the restrictions are reasonably limited in duration and geographic extent." *Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron, 351 A.2d 250 (Pa. 1976).* [^pa-english-predated-defs]: **First National Trust Co. v. English** — "Keeping in mind that Pennsylvania law disfavors restrictive covenants, see Socko, we conclude that it would be unreasonable to include the customers of Advisors, whose relationships predated each advisor’s employment with Appellant." *First National Trust Co. v. English, No. 1109 WDA 2025 (Pa. Super. Feb. 18, 2026) (non-precedential).* [^pa-morgans-necessary-defs]: **Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci** — "They are enforced by the courts as reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer." *Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci, 136 A.2d 838 (Pa. 1957).* [^pa-reading-scrutiny-defs]: **Reading Aviation Service, Inc. v. Bertolet** — "Because of the inherently unequal bargaining positions of the parties, we have consistently subjected covenants of non-competition between employees and their employers to close scrutiny." *Reading Aviation Service, Inc. v. Bertolet, 311 A.2d 628 (Pa. 1973).* [^pa-english-affirmative-defs]: **First National Trust Co. v. English** — "Significantly, the terms ‘solicit’, ‘divert,’ and ‘entice’ are verbs, with each requiring an affirmative act." *First National Trust Co. v. English, No. 1109 WDA 2025 (Pa. Super. Feb. 18, 2026) (non-precedential).* [^pa-english-no-geo-defs]: **First National Trust Co. v. English** — "Thus, the non-solicitation clause is unenforceable as written." *First National Trust Co. v. English, No. 1109 WDA 2025 (Pa. Super. Feb. 18, 2026) (non-precedential).* [^pa-brobston-distinction-defs]: **Insulation Corp. of America v. Brobston** — "It bears noting that there is a significant factual distinction between the hardship imposed by the enforcement of a restrictive covenant on an employee who voluntarily leaves his employer and that imposed upon an employee who is terminated for failing to do his job." *Insulation Corp. of America v. Brobston, 667 A.2d 729 (Pa. Super. 1995).* [^pa-brobston-fired-defs]: **Insulation Corp. of America v. Brobston** — "Where an employee is terminated by his employer on the grounds that he has failed to promote the employer's legitimate business interests, it clearly suggests an implicit decision on the part of the employer that its business interests are best promoted without the employee in its service." *Insulation Corp. of America v. Brobston, 667 A.2d 729 (Pa. Super. 1995).* [^pa-socko-mid-employment]: **Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc.** — "In the context of requiring an employee to agree to a restrictive covenant mid-employment, however, such a restraint on trade will be enforceable only if new and valuable consideration, beyond mere continued employment, is provided and is sufficient to support the restrictive clause." *Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc., 126 A.3d 1266 (Pa. 2015).* [^pa-maintenance-continued]: **Maintenance Specialties, Inc. v. Gottus** — "An employee's continued employment is not sufficient consideration for a covenant not to compete which the employee signed after the inception of his employment, where the employer makes no promise of continued employment for a definite term." *Maintenance Specialties, Inc. v. Gottus, 314 A.2d 279 (Pa. 1974).* [^pa-socko-uwoa]: **Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc.** — "we conclude that a construction of the UWOA which would vitiate the need for new and valuable consideration when entering into an agreement containing a restrictive covenant after the initiation of employment would be unreasonable." *Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc., 126 A.3d 1266 (Pa. 2015).* [^pa-rullex-essential]: **Rullex Co. v. Tel-Stream, Inc.** — "From the foregoing it should be evident that, for a restrictive covenant executed after the first day of employment to be enforceable absent new consideration, the parties must have agreed to its essential provisions as of the beginning of the employment relationship." *Rullex Co. v. Tel-Stream, Inc., 232 A.3d 620 (Pa. 2020).* [^dtsa-trade-secret-definition]: **Defend Trade Secrets Act — definition of a trade secret, 18 U.S.C. § 1839** — "the information derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable through proper means by, another person who can obtain economic value from the disclosure or use of the information" *18 U.S.C. § 1839(3)(B) (2018).* [^dtsa-immunity-notice]: **Defend Trade Secrets Act — employer immunity-notice requirement, 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b)** — "An employer shall provide notice of the immunity set forth in this subsection in any contract or agreement with an employee that governs the use of a trade secret or other confidential information." *18 U.S.C. § 1833(b)(3)(A) (2018).* [^nlra-section-7-rights]: **NLRA Section 7 — protected concerted activity, 29 U.S.C. § 157** — "Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection" *29 U.S.C. § 157 (NLRA § 7).* [^mclaren-macomb-protected-activity]: **NLRB news release on McLaren Macomb, 372 NLRB No. 58 (2023)** — "simply offering employees a severance agreement that requires them to broadly give up their rights under Section 7 of the Act violates Section 8(a)(1) of the Act." *McLaren Macomb, 372 NLRB No. 58 (2023); NLRB Office of Public Affairs (Feb. 21, 2023).* [^pa-english-acceptance-covs]: **First National Trust Co. v. English** — "Significantly, the terms ‘solicit’, ‘divert,’ and ‘entice’ are verbs, with each requiring an affirmative act." *First National Trust Co. v. English, No. 1109 WDA 2025 (Pa. Super. Feb. 18, 2026) (non-precedential).* [^pa-socko-test-covs]: **Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc.** — "Consistent with this legal background, currently in Pennsylvania, restrictive covenants are enforceable only if they are: (1) ancillary to an employment relationship between an employee and an employer; (2) supported by adequate consideration; (3) the restrictions are reasonably limited in duration and geographic extent; and (4) the restrictions are designed to protect the legitimate interests of the employer." *Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc., 126 A.3d 1266 (Pa. 2015).* [^pa-reading-scrutiny-covs]: **Reading Aviation Service, Inc. v. Bertolet** — "Because of the inherently unequal bargaining positions of the parties, we have consistently subjected covenants of non-competition between employees and their employers to close scrutiny." *Reading Aviation Service, Inc. v. Bertolet, 311 A.2d 628 (Pa. 1973).* [^mclaren-macomb-nondisparagement]: **NLRB news release on McLaren Macomb, 372 NLRB No. 58 (2023)** — "simply offering employees a severance agreement that requires them to broadly give up their rights under Section 7 of the Act violates Section 8(a)(1) of the Act." *McLaren Macomb, 372 NLRB No. 58 (2023); NLRB Office of Public Affairs (Feb. 21, 2023).* [^pa-act74-exception-clause]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 4(b)** — "(b) Exception.--An employer may enforce a noncompete covenant if the length of the noncompete covenant is no more than one year, provided that the health care practitioner was not dismissed by the employer." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 4(b) (Pa.).* [^pa-act74-notice-clause]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 5(b)** — "(b) Time period.--The employer shall provide the notice within 90 days of the health care practitioner's departure." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 5(b) (Pa.).* [^pa-sidco-tolling]: **Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron** — "Our courts will permit the equitable enforcement of post-employment restraints only where they are incident to an employment relation between the parties to the covenant, the restrictions are reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer, and the restrictions are reasonably limited in duration and geographic extent." *Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron, 351 A.2d 250 (Pa. 1976).* [^pa-morgans-tolling]: **Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci** — "We have held that employment contracts containing general covenants by an employe not to compete after the termination of his employment are prima facie enforcible if they are reasonably limited as to duration of time and geographical extent." *Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci, 136 A.2d 838 (Pa. 1957).* [^pa-sidco-equitable-remedies]: **Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron** — "Our courts will permit the equitable enforcement of post-employment restraints only where they are incident to an employment relation between the parties to the covenant, the restrictions are reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer, and the restrictions are reasonably limited in duration and geographic extent." *Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron, 351 A.2d 250 (Pa. 1976).* [^pa-sidco-partial]: **Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron** — "However, where the covenant imposes restrictions broader than necessary to protect the employer, we have repeatedly held that a court of equity may grant enforcement limited to those portions of the restrictions which are reasonably necessary for the protection of the employer." *Sidco Paper Co. v. Aaron, 351 A.2d 250 (Pa. 1976).* [^pa-reading-overreach]: **Reading Aviation Service, Inc. v. Bertolet** — "The objection to such a practice is that it tends to encourage employers and purchasers possessing superior bargaining power over that of their employees and vendors to insist upon unreasonable and excessive restrictions, secure in the knowledge that the promise may be upheld in part, if not in full." *Reading Aviation Service, Inc. v. Bertolet, 311 A.2d 628 (Pa. 1973).* [^pa-hess-not-assignable]: **Hess v. Gebhard & Co.** — "Therefore, we hold that a restrictive covenant not to compete, contained in an employment agreement, is not assignable to the purchasing business entity, in the absence of a specific assignability provision, where the covenant is included in a sale of assets." *Hess v. Gebhard & Co. Inc., 808 A.2d 912 (Pa. 2002).* [^pa-hess-personal]: **Hess v. Gebhard & Co.** — "Like the contract for hire, upon which the covenant was given, the employee’s restrictive covenant is confined to the employer with whom the agreement was made, absent specific provisions for assignability." *Hess v. Gebhard & Co. Inc., 808 A.2d 912 (Pa. 2002).* [^pa-kistler-later]: **George W. Kistler, Inc. v. O'Brien** — "While a restrictive covenant, in order to be valid need not appear in the initial contract, if it is agreed upon at some later time it must be supported by new consideration." *George W. Kistler, Inc. v. O'Brien, 347 A.2d 311 (Pa. 1975).* [^pa-socko-four-part-gate]: **Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc.** — "Consistent with this legal background, currently in Pennsylvania, restrictive covenants are enforceable only if they are: (1) ancillary to an employment relationship between an employee and an employer; (2) supported by adequate consideration; (3) the restrictions are reasonably limited in duration and geographic extent; and (4) the restrictions are designed to protect the legitimate interests of the employer." *Socko v. Mid-Atlantic Systems of CPA, Inc., 126 A.3d 1266 (Pa. 2015).* [^pa-morgans-prima-facie-gate]: **Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci** — "We have held that employment contracts containing general covenants by an employe not to compete after the termination of his employment are prima facie enforcible if they are reasonably limited as to duration of time and geographical extent." *Morgan's Home Equipment Corp. v. Martucci, 136 A.2d 838 (Pa. 1957).* [^pa-act74-applicability-gate]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 4(a)** — "(a) Applicability.--Except as provided under subsection (b), a noncompete covenant entered into after the effective date of this subsection is deemed contrary to the public policy and is void and unenforceable by an employer." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 4(a) (Pa.).* [^pa-act74-exception-gate]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 4(b)** — "(b) Exception.--An employer may enforce a noncompete covenant if the length of the noncompete covenant is no more than one year, provided that the health care practitioner was not dismissed by the employer." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 4(b) (Pa.).* [^pa-act74-practitioner-gate]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 3** — "‘Health care practitioner.’ The following: (1) A medical doctor as defined in section 2 of the act of December 20, 1985 (P.L.457, No.112), known as the Medical Practice Act of 1985. (2) A doctor of osteopathy under the act of October 5, 1978 (P.L.1109, No.261), known as the Osteopathic Medical Practice Act. (3) A certified registered nurse anesthetist as defined in section 2(16) of the act of May 22, 1951 (P.L.317, No.69), known as The Professional Nursing Law. (4) A certified registered nurse practitioner as defined in section 2(12) of The Professional Nursing Law. (5) A physician assistant as defined in section 2 of the Osteopathic Medical Practice Act or section 2 of the Medical Practice Act of 1985." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 3 (Pa.).* [^pa-act74-notice-gate]: **Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act § 5(b)** — "(b) Time period.--The employer shall provide the notice within 90 days of the health care practitioner's departure." *Fair Contracting for Health Care Practitioners Act, Act of July 17, 2024, P.L. 846, No. 74, § 5(b) (Pa.).* [^pa-beemac-unenforceable-gate]: **Pittsburgh Logistics Systems, Inc. v. Beemac Trucking, LLC** — "Balancing PLS’s interest against the overbreadth of the no-hire provision and the likelihood of harm to the public, we conclude that the no-hire provision is unreasonably in restraint of trade and therefore unenforceable." *Pittsburgh Logistics Systems, Inc. v. Beemac Trucking, LLC, 249 A.3d 918 (Pa. 2021).* [^pa-beemac-overbroad-gate]: **Pittsburgh Logistics Systems, Inc. v. Beemac Trucking, LLC** — "However, the no-hire provision is both greater than needed to protect PLS’s interest and creates a probability of harm to the public." *Pittsburgh Logistics Systems, Inc. v. Beemac Trucking, LLC, 249 A.3d 918 (Pa. 2021).*