# Board Ratifying Consent Review Checklist[^about] A clause-by-clause reviewer checklist for a Delaware board written consent that ratifies a defective corporate act under DGCL § 204 — the act-specific recitals (§ 204(b)(1)(A)–(E)), valid adoption of the ratifying consent itself, and the downstream steps it must set in motion (the § 204(c) stockholder branch, the § 204(e) certificate of validation, and the § 204(g) notice), with the § 205 fallback for acts § 204 cannot reach. Every item below reads a draft board ratifying consent against DGCL § 204, the statutory self-help remedy for a *defective corporate act* — an act void or voidable *solely* because it was never properly authorized (shares issued without board approval, an option pool that overran the authorized reserve, a charter amendment never filed). This is the document a company reaches for when diligence on a financing or acquisition surfaces a governance gap — the situation the Delaware Supreme Court confronted in *KT4 Partners LLC v. Palantir Technologies*, where the absence of clean board records let a stockholder reach the company's emails in a books-and-records demand. Most of § 204's mandatory content sits on the board side, so this checklist is the substantive half; the companion [Stockholder Ratifying Consent checklist](/checklists/corporate-governance/stockholder-ratifying-consent) covers the § 204(c) approval where a stockholder vote is required. For the background and the sequencing of the two consents, see the [Delaware corporate-governance records practice guide](/practice-guides/corporate-governance/us). Use this checklist to confirm each element is present and internally consistent; whether § 204 is the right tool for a particular act remains a judgment for counsel. ## Identifying the defective act {#identifying-the-defective-act} - [ ] **Each defective act and its date named specifically** (Required) — Confirm the consent names each specific defective corporate act to be ratified and the date of each — not a blanket *any and all prior acts*. DGCL § 204(b)(1)(A) makes the act to be ratified the first mandatory recital [^q1-204-b1a], and § 204(b)(1)(B) requires the date of each act. A court cannot test whether a named act was cured if the act is never named, so a generic sweep ratifies nothing. "The defective corporate act or acts to be ratified;"[^q1-204-b1a] [#identify-defective-acts] - [ ] **Putative shares described by number, type, and issue date** (Required) — Where the defect involved a stock issuance, confirm the consent states the number and type of putative shares issued and the date or dates on which they were purported to have been issued. DGCL § 204(b)(1)(C) requires this whenever the defect is an issuance or overissue [^q1-204-b1c] — it is the recital that ties the cure to the specific shares whose validity the ratification restores. "the number and type of shares of putative stock issued and the date or dates upon which such putative shares were purported to have been issued;"[^q1-204-b1c] [#describe-putative-stock] - [ ] **Nature of the failure of authorization stated for each act** (Required) — Confirm the consent states, for each act, the nature of the failure of authorization — that the shares were issued without board approval, that the grant exceeded the plan reserve, that the charter amendment was never filed. DGCL § 204(b)(1)(D) requires naming *what* went wrong [^q1-204-b1d], because § 204 only reaches acts void or voidable *solely as a result of a failure of authorization*. A recital that omits the defect cannot show the act falls within the statute. "The nature of the failure of authorization in respect of each defective corporate act to be ratified; and"[^q1-204-b1d] [#state-failure-of-authorization] - [ ] **Board expressly approves the ratification (not just the act)** (Required) — Confirm the consent states that the board of directors approves the *ratification* of the defective act — the operative approval, distinct from approving the underlying act. DGCL § 204(b)(1)(E) makes this the resolution that actually ratifies [^q1-204-b1e]; recitals identify the defect, but without an express approval of the ratification there is no § 204 board action. "That the board of directors approves the ratification of the defective corporate act or acts."[^q1-204-b1e] [#approve-ratification] ## Adopting the consent validly {#adopting-the-consent-validly} - [ ] **Ratifying consent itself adopted by valid board action** (Required) — Confirm the ratifying consent is itself adopted by a valid board action — a meeting with a quorum, or, for action without a meeting, a written consent signed by every director under DGCL § 141(f) [^q2-141f] — applying the quorum and voting requirements for the type of act being ratified. The point is load-bearing and easy to miss: if the board whose signatures appear is not validly in place (often the very gap diligence surfaced), the § 204 resolutions inherit that defect. Sequence the cures so the ratifying instrument is not itself defective. "any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the board of directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all members of the board or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing, or by electronic transmission"[^q2-141f] [#adopt-by-valid-board-action] ## Setting the cure in motion {#setting-the-cure-in-motion} - [ ] **Stockholder submission provided for where the act needed a vote** (Required) — Where the defective act would have required a stockholder vote — or resulted from a § 203 failure — confirm the consent provides for submitting the ratification to stockholders under DGCL § 204(c) [^q3-204c]. The board cannot unilaterally cure an act that needed stockholder authorization; the only carve-outs are where no law, charter, bylaw, plan, or agreement would have required a stockholder vote (and there was no § 203 failure), or where no valid stock is outstanding and entitled to vote. "Each defective corporate act ratified pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section shall be submitted to stockholders for approval as provided in subsection (d) of this section"[^q3-204c] [#direct-stockholder-approval-when-required] - [ ] **Certificate of validation authorized where a filing was required** (Required) — Where the defective act would have required a certificate to be filed with the Delaware Secretary of State (a charter amendment, a certificate of designation, an authorized-share increase, a merger), confirm the consent authorizes filing a certificate of validation under DGCL § 204(e) [^q3-204e]. The ratification is not effective as to that act until the certificate of validation is filed — so for a financing that turns on a cured charter, the filing sits on the critical path (it carries a fee and cannot be expedited). "in lieu of filing the certificate otherwise required by this title, the corporation shall file a certificate of validation with respect to such defective corporate act"[^q3-204e] [#authorize-certificate-of-validation] - [ ] **Notice of ratification directed, with the 120-day statement** (Required) — Confirm the consent provides for the § 204(g) notice of ratification to all holders of valid and putative stock — including nonvoting holders and holders as of the time of the defective act [^q3-204g]. Even when no stockholder vote is required, notice is mandatory, and it must state that any challenge must be brought within 120 days of the later of the validation effective time or the notice. A missing notice never starts that repose clock, leaving the cure open to challenge indefinitely. "must be brought within 120 days from the later of the validation effective time or the time at which the notice required by this subsection is given"[^q3-204g-120] [#direct-notice-of-ratification] - [ ] **Only § 204-reachable acts ratified; § 205 reserved for the rest** (Recommended) — Confirm the consent ratifies only acts § 204 can actually reach. Section 204 cures acts void or voidable *solely as a result of a failure of authorization* [^q3-204a]; it cannot manufacture an act never taken, revive an act the board or stockholders affirmatively rejected, or cure an act void for substantive illegality or fiduciary breach rather than a procedural gap. Where ratification is unavailable or genuinely contested, the remedy is a § 205 petition to the Court of Chancery, which has exclusive jurisdiction to validate. "no defective corporate act or putative stock shall be void or voidable solely as a result of a failure of authorization if ratified as provided in this section"[^q3-204a] [#confirm-act-is-ratifiable] [^about]: By Steven Obiajulu, J.D. Published by [openagreements.org](https://openagreements.org). Last reviewed 2026-07-02. License: CC BY 4.0. Steven Obiajulu, J.D. edits this review checklist for Delaware (DGCL) coverage. It synthesizes legal sources and is not legal advice. This article is for informational purposes only and does not create an attorney-client relationship. CC BY 4.0. Cite as Steven Obiajulu, *Board Ratifying Consent Review Checklist*, OpenAgreements (last updated July 2, 2026), https://openagreements.org/checklists/corporate-governance/board-ratifying-consent. [^q1-204-b1a]: **8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(A)** — "The defective corporate act or acts to be ratified;" *8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(A).* [^q1-204-b1c]: **8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(C)** — "the number and type of shares of putative stock issued and the date or dates upon which such putative shares were purported to have been issued;" *8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(C).* [^q1-204-b1d]: **8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(D)** — "The nature of the failure of authorization in respect of each defective corporate act to be ratified; and" *8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(D).* [^q1-204-b1e]: **8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(E)** — "That the board of directors approves the ratification of the defective corporate act or acts." *8 Del. C. § 204(b)(1)(E).* [^q2-141f]: **8 Del. C. § 141(f)** — "any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the board of directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all members of the board or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing, or by electronic transmission" *8 Del. C. § 141(f).* [^q3-204c]: **8 Del. C. § 204(c)** — "Each defective corporate act ratified pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section shall be submitted to stockholders for approval as provided in subsection (d) of this section" *8 Del. C. § 204(c).* [^q3-204e]: **8 Del. C. § 204(e)** — "in lieu of filing the certificate otherwise required by this title, the corporation shall file a certificate of validation with respect to such defective corporate act" *8 Del. C. § 204(e)(1).* [^q3-204g]: **8 Del. C. § 204(g)** — "prompt notice of the ratification shall be given to all holders of valid stock and putative stock, whether voting or nonvoting" *8 Del. C. § 204(g).* [^q3-204g-120]: **8 Del. C. § 204(g) (120-day challenge window)** — "must be brought within 120 days from the later of the validation effective time or the time at which the notice required by this subsection is given" *8 Del. C. § 204(g).* [^q3-204a]: **8 Del. C. § 204(a)** — "no defective corporate act or putative stock shall be void or voidable solely as a result of a failure of authorization if ratified as provided in this section" *8 Del. C. § 204(a).*